Tissaphernes alcibiades biography

Persian Satrap of Lydia and Ionia (445–395 BC)

Tissaphernes (Old Persian: *Ciçafarnāʰ; Ancient Greek: Τισσαφέρνης; Lycian: 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀Kizzaprñna, 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀Zisaprñna;^[1] 445 – 395 BC) was a Persian commander and statesman, Satrap of Lydia and Ionia.

His life is mostly known from the works of Thucydides and Xenophon. According to Ctesias, he was the son of Hidarnes III and therefore, the great grandson of Hydarnes, one of the six conspirators who had supported the rise of Darius the Great.

Etymology

Čiçafarnah (čiça + farnah) "with shining splendor":^[1]čiça is from the Proto-Indo-European adjective (s)koitrós 'bright';^[2]farnah is equivalent to Avestanxvarənah 'fortune', 'glory', which appears as 'luminous'.

čiθra means nature, specifically the animate nature.

Čiça- is the Old Persian form of the Old Iranian term Čiθra-, which is reflected in the Median form of the